Portuguese (português)

Portuguese is a Western Iberian Romance language spoken by about 300 million people. It is the official language of Portugal, Brazil, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Angola and São Tomé and Príncipe, and is a co-official language in East Timor, Equatorial Guinea and Macau. These Portuguese-speaking countries and regions are known as Lusophone (Lusófono) and are part of Lusofonia or the Lusophone World (Mundo Lusófono). These names originate from Lusitania, the Roman province that covered more or less the same area as modern Portugal.

Number of speakers

There are about 212 million Portuguese speakers in Brazil, 18 millioin in Angola, 10 million in Mozambique, 9.9 million in Portugal, 396,450 in Guinea-Bissau, 367,800 in the Cape Verde Islands, 197,000 in São Tomé e Principe, 18,680 in Macau, and 5,600 in East Timor. Other countries with significant numbers of Portuguese speakers include France (1 million), the USA (714,018), Switzerland (309,270), Japan (270,000), Venezuela (254,000), India (250,000), Canada (222,000) and Paraguay (212,000). The language is spoken by smaller numbers of people in many other countries [source].

Portuguese at a glance

Native name: português [puɾtuˈɣeʃ / poɾtuˈɡes]
Language family: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Western Romance, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Galician-Portuguese
Number of speakers: c. 300 million
Spoken in: Portugal, Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, São Tomé e Principe, East Timor and Macau
First written: 9th century
Writing system: Latin script
Status: sole official language of Portugal, Brazil, Mozambique, Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe; co-official status in Macau, Equatorial Guinea and East Timor

Portuguese is taught as a foreign language in such countries as South Africa, Argentina, Venezuela, Zambia, Senegal, Paraguay, Congo and Uraguay, where it is a compulsory subject.

History of Portuguese

Portuguese is a descendent of Latin, which was brought to the Iberian Peninsula by Roman soldiers, settlers and merchants from 216 BC. The Latin in that area was influenced by the Hispano-Celtic languages that were spoken there at the time.

After the Western Roman Empire collapsed in the 5th century AD, Germanic peoples, such as the Suebi, Visigoths and Buri invaded and settled in Iberia. The quickly adopted Latin and Roman culture, and integrated with the local population.

In 711 AD, the Moors from North Africa began to invade and occupy southern parts of Iberia. Arabic became the main language in their conquered territory, and some words were borrowed from Arabic into local varieties of languages during this time.

It is thought that by about 600 AD, an early form of Galician-Portuguese was being spoken in the Kingdom of the Suebi in the nortwest corner of Iberia. By 800 AD this language was spoken throught the northwest of Iberia.

The earliest records of a distinctly Portuguese language appear in administrative documents dating from the 9th century AD from the Kingom of Galicia, which corresponds to modern Galicia in Spain, and part of northern Portugal. This language was known as Galician-Portuguese or Proto-Portuguese.

The period between the 12th and 14th centuries is known as the Galician-Portuguese period. Portuguese became the preferred language of lyric poetry in Christian Hispania. There was no standard way to write the language, however one popular orthography, based on Occitan, was probably devised by Gerald of Braga, a monk from Moissac, who became Bishop of Braga in 1047.

Portugal became independent in 1139. In 1290, King Dinis I (1261-1325) decreed that Portuguese, which was called the "common language", should be known as the Portuguese language and should be officially used in Portugal. Poetry and songs were the main form of Portuguese literature at that time, and King Dinis himself wrote quite a few poems.

From the 13th century Portuguese literature included prose works such as chronicles, lives of saints and treatises on genealogy.

From the 15th century the Portuguese began to colonise parts of Africa, Asia and the Americas, taking with them their language. By the mid-16th century, Portuguese was used in Asia and Africa in colonial administration, and as a lingua franca between the Portuguese, other Europeans and local people. Portuguese-based creoles also began to emerge during this time.

Modern Portuguese began to develop in the 16th century. At that time Portuguese speakers who were literate in their own language, were also literate in Latin, and borrowed many words from Classical and Renaissance Latin, and from Classical Greek.

A reformed Portuguese orthography (nova ortografia), in which words were spelled more in accordance with their pronunciation, was adopted is Portugal in 1916. A slightly modified form was adopted in Brazil in 1943 and revised in 1970. A new orthography which aims to unify the written Portuguese of all the lusophone countries was adopted in Brazil in 2009. Dates have yet to be set for its adoption in the other Portuguese-speaking countries

Portuguese alphabet and pronunciation

European Portuguese alphabet

The letters K, W and Y are used only in foreign loan words.

Pronunciation of European Portuguese

Notes

a = [ə] when unstressed or at the ends of words, [a] or [ɐ] elsewhere.
Between vowels b = [β]; d = [ð]; g = [ɣ]
c = [s] before i or e, [k] elsewhere
e = [ə] when unstressed or at the ends of words, [e] or [ɛ] elsewhere. Often barely pronounced at the ends of words.
gu = [ɡʷ] before jor e, [ɡ] elsewhere
r = [ʀ] or [rr] when at the beginning of words, [r] elsewhere
l often = [ɫ]
s = [s] at the beginning of words, [z] between vowels and at the end of a word when preceded by a vowel and followed by a word beginning with a vowel, e.g. os Estados Unidos [uz eʃtaduz uniduʃ], [ʃ] after a vowel and before and consonant and at the end of syllables.
z = [ʒ] at the end of words, [z] elsewhere

Brazilian Portuguese alphabet

The letters K, W and Y are used only in foreign loan words.

Listen to the Portuguese alphabet read by Heitor de Moraes from Brazil

Pronunciation of the Portuguese of Brazil

Listen to the consonants of Brazilian Portuguese read by Heitor de Moraes from Brazil

Notes

e = [e] when unstressed and non-final, [e] or [ɛ] when stressed, [i] when final
o = [o] when unstressed and non-final, [ɔ] or [o] when stressed, [u] when final
oa = [oa/owa] when stressed, oa &ua = [ṷa] when unstressed
the diphthongs ea, eo, ia, ie, io, oa, ua, ue and uo appear at the ends of words and are always unstressed. ua and uo can also appear after g and q, and in other positions.
c = [s] before i or e, [k] elsewhere
d = [ʤ] before i or a final unstressed e, [d] elsewhere. However in parts of Santa Catarina and Paraná and the north and north east of Brazil, d in the final -de is pronounced [d]. In those same regions (except Paraná) djis pronounced [di] or [dʲi].
g = [ɣ] between vowels and [ɡ] elsewhere
gu = [ɡ] before i or e, [ɡʷ] elsewhere
Triphthongs are made up of combinations of gu, gü, qu, qü + a diphthong, e.g. saguão, agüei, sequóia.
l = [ṷ] after vowels (final e before consonants).
m is nasalized when at the end of a syllable and preceded by a vowel, e.g. cantam [´kãtãʷ], homem ['omẽj̭], sim [sĩj̭].
n is nasalized when at the end of a syllable, preceded by a vowel and followed by a consonant, e.g. cansar [kã'sa], alento [a'lẽtu].
nh = [~j], i.e. nasalizes preceeding vowels, e.g. banha ['bãija]. In some north eastern parts of Brazil, inha = [ĩa] and -inho = [ĩu]. In some parts of Brazil, nh = [ɲ]
qu = [k] before i or e, [kʷ] before a or o
r = [x~ʀ] (or [r~ɾ] in some areas) at the beginning of words and after n
r = [Ø~x~ʀ~r~ɾ] at the ends of words and before consonants. If the following word begins with a vowel, r = [r~Ø]
r = [r] after consonants (except n)
rr = [x~ʀ] (or [r~ɾ] in some areas)
r = [ɽ] before consonants and at the end of words in São Paulo, south of Brasil, Minas Gerais and Goiás
s = [s] at the beginning of words, [z] between vowels and between voiced consonants. However in parts of Santa Catarina, Rio de Janeiro and the north east and north of Brazil, s = [ʒ] before d, g, l, m, n, r and v, [ʃ] before c, f, p, qu and t, and when in final position.
sc (before e and i) and sç (before a and o) = [s]. In Rio de Janeiro, sc/sç = [is], e.g. nascimento [naisi'mẽtu]
t = [ʧ] before i or a final unstressed e, [t] elsewhere. However in parts of Santa Catarina and Paraná and the north and north east of Brazil, the final t in the final -te is pronounced [t]. In those same regions (apart from Paraná) tj= [ti] or [tʲi]. The [ʧ] sound is also written tch (e.g. tchau), or tx in indigenous names (e.g. txukahamãe).
x = [ʃ] at the beginning of a word and, in parts of Santa Catarina, Rio de Janeiro and northeast and north of Brazil, before c, p and t
ex + vowel = [z], e.g. exame [e'zãmi], or [ʃ], e.g. vexame [ve'ʃami]
x = [ʃ], [ks] or [s] elsewhere, e.g. relaxar [xela'ʃa], fixo ['fiksu], auxiliar [aʷsi'lj̭a(x/r)]
x = [ks] when in final position
x is silent in exce-, exci-, exs-, e.g. exceto [e'sɛtu], excitar [esi'ta], exsudar [esu'da]
z = [s] in final position and before unvoiced consonants. In parts of Santa Catarina, Rio de Janeiro and the north east and north of Brazil, z = [ʒ] before voiced consonants, [ʃ] before unvoiced consonants and when in final position.
In the north east of Brazil some of the letters have different names: F (fê), J (ji), L (lê), M (mê), N (nê), R (rê), S (si) and Y (ipsilone).

Download alphabet charts for Portuguese (Excel)

Sample text in Portuguese

Todos os seres humanos nascem livres e iguais em dignidade e em direitos. Dotados de razão e de consciência, devem agir uns para com os outros em espírito de fraternidade.

A recording of this text

Sample text in Brazilian Portuguese

Todos os seres humanos nascem livres e iguais em dignidade e direitos. São dotados de razão e consciência e devem agir em relação uns aos outros com espírito de fraternidade.

A recording of this text

Translation

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)

Sample video in European Portuguese

Sample video in Brazilian Portuguese

Sample video in Angolan Portuguese

Sample video in Mozambique Portuguese

Sample video in Cape Verde Portuguese

Sample video in Macau Portuguese

Sample video in East Timor Portuguese

Contributors to this page: Marcelo Manschein, Mário André Coelho da Silva and Heitor de Moraes from Brazil, and Renato Serôdio from Portugal

Links

Information about Portuguese
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language
http://www.golisbon.com/practical-lisbon/language.html
http://www.linguaportuguesa.ufrn.br/
http://www.portugueselanguageguide.com

A Língua Portuguesa (a history of the Portuguese language in Portuguese, English and French): http://www.linguaportuguesa.ufrn.br/

Information about Portuguese pronunciation (in Portuguese)
http://www.rudhar.com/foneport/en/foneport.htm
http://www.fonologia.org

Online Portuguese lessons
http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/portuguese/
http://www.easyportuguese.com
http://www.learningportuguese.co.uk
http://polymath.org/brazilian.php
http://polymath.org/portuguese.php
http://ilovelanguages.org/portuguese.php
https://tropicalportuguese.teachable.com/p/mini-course-sound-like-brazilians
http://www.portuguesepod101.com/

More links to Portuguese language resources

- Learn Portuguese online with Portuguese Pod101
- Grammar Hero Portuguese - Internalise Portuguese Grammar
- Portuguese learning software
- Learn Portuguese with Glossika
- Learn Portuguese now at Rocket Languages!
- Find Portuguese Tutors with LanguaTalk

Romance languages

Aragonese, Aranese, Aromanian, Asturian, Catalan, Corsican, Dalmatian, Emilian-Romagnol, Extremaduran, Fala, Franco-Provençal, French, Friulian, Galician, Gallo, Gascon, Genoese, Guernésiais, Istro-Romanian, Istriot, Italian, Jèrriais, Ladino, Ladin, Ligurian, Lombard, Lorrain, Megleno-Romanian, Mirandese, Moldovan, Monégasque, Mozarabic, Neapolitan, Occitan, Occitan (Auvergnat), Occitan (Languedocien), Occitan (Limousin), Occitan (Provençal), Picard, Piedmontese, Portuguese, Romanian, Romansh, Sardinian, Sicilian, Spanish, Valencian, Venetian, Walloon

Languages written with the Latin alphabet

Page last modified: 12.09.24

[top]

You can support this site by Buying Me A Coffee, and if you like what you see on this page, you can use the buttons below to share it with people you know.

Conversations - learn languages through stories

If you like this site and find it useful, you can support it by making a donation via PayPal or Patreon, or by contributing in other ways. Omniglot is how I make my living.

Note: all links on this site to Amazon.com, Amazon.co.uk and Amazon.fr are affiliate links. This means I earn a commission if you click on any of them and buy something. So by clicking on these links you can help to support this site.

[top]